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ci(1)
Free Software Foundation
NAME
ci - check in RCS revisions
SYNOPSIS
ci [options] file...
OPTIONS
-r[rev]
checks in a revision, releases the corresponding lock, and removes the
working file. This is the default.
The -r option has an unusual meaning in ci. In other RCS commands, -r
merely specifies a revision number, but in ci it also releases a lock
and removes the working file. See -u for a tricky example.
-l[rev]
works like -r, except it performs an additional co -l for the deposited
revision. Thus, the deposited revision is immediately checked out
again and locked. This is useful for saving a revision although one
wants to continue editing it after the checkin.
-u[rev]
works like -l, except that the deposited revision is not locked. This
lets one read the working file immediately after checkin.
The -l, -r, and -u options are mutually exclusive and silently override
each other. For example, ci -u -r is equivalent to ci -r because -r
overrides -u.
-f[rev]
forces a deposit; the new revision is deposited even it is not
different from the preceding one.
-k[rev]
searches the working file for keyword values to determine its revision
number, creation date, state, and author (see co(1)), and assigns these
values to the deposited revision, rather than computing them locally.
It also generates a default login message noting the login of the
caller and the actual checkin date. This option is useful for software
distribution. A revision that is sent to several sites should be
checked in with the -k option at these sites to preserve the original
number, date, author, and state. The extracted keyword values and the
default log message may be overridden with the options -d, -m, -s, -w,
and any option that carries a revision number.
-q[rev]
quiet mode; diagnostic output is not printed. A revision that is not
different from the preceding one is not deposited, unless -f is given.
-I[rev]
interactive mode; the user is prompted and questioned even if the
standard input is not a terminal.
-d[date]
uses date for the checkin date and time. The date is specified in free
format as explained in co(1). This is useful for lying about the
checkin date, and for -k if no date is available. If date is empty, the
working file's time of last modification is used.
-M[rev]
Set the modification time on any new working file to be the date of the
retrieved revision. For example, ci -d -M -u f does not alter f's
modification time, even if f's contents change due to keyword
substitution. Use this option with care; it can confuse make(1).
-mmsg
uses the string msg as the log message for all revisions checked in.
-nname
assigns the symbolic name name to the number of the checked-in
revision. ci prints an error message if name is already assigned to
another number.
-Nname
same as -n, except that it overrides a previous assignment of name.
-sstate
sets the state of the checked-in revision to the identifier state. The
default state is Exp.
-tfile
writes descriptive text from the contents of the named file into the
RCS file, deleting the existing text. The file may not begin with -.
-t-string
Write descriptive text from the string into the RCS file, deleting the
existing text.
The -t option, in both its forms, has effect only during an initial
checkin; it is silently ignored otherwise.
During the initial checkin, if -t is not given, ci obtains the text
from standard input, terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing
. by itself. The user is prompted for the text if interaction is
possible; see -I.
For backward compatibility with older versions of RCS, a bare -t option
is ignored.
-wlogin
uses login for the author field of the deposited revision. Useful for
lying about the author, and for -k if no author is available.
-Vn Emulate RCS version n. See co(1) for details.
-xsuffixes
specifies the suffixes for RCS files. A nonempty suffix matches any
pathname ending in the suffix. An empty suffix matches any pathname of
the form RCS/file or path/RCS/file. The -x option can specify a list
of suffixes separated by /. For example, -x,v/ specifies two suffixes:
,v and the empty suffix. If two or more suffixes are specified, they
are tried in order when looking for an RCS file; the first one that
works is used for that file. If no RCS file is found but an RCS file
can be created, the suffixes are tried in order to determine the new
RCS file's name. The default for suffixes is installation-dependent;
normally it is ,v/ for hosts like Unix that permit commas in file
names, and is empty (i.e. just the empty suffix) for other hosts.
DESCRIPTION
ci stores new revisions into RCS files. Each pathname matching an RCS
suffix is taken to be an RCS file. All others are assumed to be working
files containing new revisions. ci deposits the contents of each working
file into the corresponding RCS file. If only a working file is given, ci
tries to find the corresponding RCS file in an RCS subdirectory and then in
the working file's directory. For more details, see FILE NAMING below.
For ci to work, the caller's login must be on the access list, except if
the access list is empty or the caller is the superuser or the owner of the
file. To append a new revision to an existing branch, the tip revision on
that branch must be locked by the caller. Otherwise, only a new branch can
be created. This restriction is not enforced for the owner of the file if
non-strict locking is used (see rcs(1)). A lock held by someone else may be
broken with the rcs command.
Unless the -f option is given, ci checks whether the revision to be
deposited differs from the preceding one. If not, instead of creating a
new revision ci reverts to the preceding one. To revert, ordinary ci
removes the working file and any lock; ci -l keeps and ci -u removes any
lock, and then they both generate a new working file much as if co -l or co
-u had been applied to the preceding revision. When reverting, any -n and
-s options apply to the preceding revision.
For each revision deposited, ci prompts for a log message. The log message
should summarize the change and must be terminated by end-of-file or by a
line containing . by itself. If several files are checked in ci asks
whether to reuse the previous log message. If the standard input is not a
terminal, ci suppresses the prompt and uses the same log message for all
files. See also -m.
If the RCS file does not exist, ci creates it and deposits the contents of
the working file as the initial revision (default number: 1.1). The access
list is initialized to empty. Instead of the log message, ci requests
descriptive text (see -t above).
The number rev of the deposited revision can be given by any of the options
-f, -I, -k, -l, -M, -q, -r, or -u. rev may be symbolic, numeric, or mixed.
If rev is $, ci determines the revision number from keyword values in the
working file.
If rev is a revision number, it must be higher than the latest one on the
branch to which rev belongs, or must start a new branch.
If rev is a branch rather than a revision number, the new revision is
appended to that branch. The level number is obtained by incrementing the
tip revision number of that branch. If rev indicates a non-existing branch,
that branch is created with the initial revision numbered rev.1.
If rev is omitted, ci tries to derive the new revision number from the
caller's last lock. If the caller has locked the tip revision of a branch,
the new revision is appended to that branch. The new revision number is
obtained by incrementing the tip revision number. If the caller locked a
non-tip revision, a new branch is started at that revision by incrementing
the highest branch number at that revision. The default initial branch and
level numbers are 1.
If rev is omitted and the caller has no lock, but owns the file and locking
is not set to strict, then the revision is appended to the default branch
(normally the trunk; see the -b option of rcs(1)).
Exception: On the trunk, revisions can be appended to the end, but not
inserted.
FILE NAMING
Pairs of RCS files and working files may be specified in three ways (see
also the EXAMPLES section).
1. Both the RCS file and the working file are given. The RCS pathname is
of the form path1/workfileX and the working pathname is of the form
path2/workfile where path1/ and path2/ are (possibly different or
empty) paths, workfile is a filename, and X is an RCS suffix. If X is
empty, path1/ must be RCS/ or must end in /RCS/.
2. Only the RCS file is given. Then the working file is created in the
current directory and its name is derived from the name of the RCS
file by removing path1/ and the suffix X.
3. Only the working file is given. Then ci considers each RCS suffix X in
turn, looking for an RCS file of the form path2/RCS/workfileX or (if
the former is not found and X is nonempty) path2/workfileX.
If the RCS file is specified without a path in 1. and 2., ci looks for the
RCS file first in the directory ./RCS and then in the current directory.
ci reports an error if an attempt to open an RCS file fails for an unusual
reason, even if the RCS file's pathname is just one of several
possibilities. For example, to suppress use of RCS commands in a directory
d, create a regular file named d/RCS so that casual attempts to use RCS
commands in d fail because d/RCS is not a directory.
EXAMPLES
Suppose ,v is an RCS suffix and the current directory contains a
subdirectory RCS with an RCS file io.c,v. Then each of the following
commands check in a copy of io.c into RCS/io.c,v as the latest revision,
removing io.c.
ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c,v;
ci io.c RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c io.c,v;
ci RCS/io.c,v io.c; ci io.c,v io.c;
Suppose instead that the empty suffix is an RCS suffix and the current
directory contains a subdirectory RCS with an RCS file io.c. The each of
the following commands checks in a new revision.
ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c;
ci io.c RCS/io.c;
ci RCS/io.c io.c;
FILE MODES
An RCS file created by ci inherits the read and execute permissions from
the working file. If the RCS file exists already, ci preserves its read
and execute permissions. ci always turns off all write permissions of RCS
files.
FILES
Several temporary files may be created in the directory containing the
working file, and also in the temporary directory (see TMPDIR under
ENVIRONMENT). A semaphore file or files are created in the directory
containing the RCS file. With a nonempty suffix, the semaphore names begin
with the first character of the suffix; therefore, do not specify an suffix
whose first character could be that of a working filename. With an empty
suffix, the semaphore names end with _ so working filenames should not end
in _.
ci never changes an RCS or working file. Normally, ci unlinks the file and
creates a new one; but instead of breaking a chain of one or more symbolic
links to an RCS file, it unlinks the destination file instead. Therefore,
ci breaks any hard or symbolic links to any working file it changes; and
hard links to RCS files are ineffective, but symbolic links to RCS files
are preserved.
The effective user must be able to search and write the directory
containing the RCS file. Normally, the real user must be able to read the
RCS and working files and to search and write the directory containing the
working file; however, some older hosts cannot easily switch between real
and effective users, so on these hosts the effective user is used for all
accesses. The effective user is the same as the real user unless your
copies of ci and co have setuid privileges. As described in the next
section, these privileges yield extra security if the effective user owns
all RCS files and directories, and if only the effective user can write RCS
directories.
Users can control access to RCS files by setting the permissions of the
directory containing the files; only users with write access to the
directory can use RCS commands to change its RCS files. For example, in
hosts that allow a user to belong to several groups, one can make a group's
RCS directories writable to that group only. This approach suffices for
informal projects, but it means that any group member can arbitrarily
change the group's RCS files, and can even remove them entirely. Hence more
formal projects sometimes distinguish between an RCS administrator, who can
change the RCS files at will, and other project members, who can check in
new revisions but cannot otherwise change the RCS files.
SETUID USE
To prevent anybody but their RCS administrator from deleting revisions, a
set of users can employ setuid privileges as follows.
· Check that the host RCS supports setuid use. Consult a trustworthy
expert if there are any doubts. It is best if the seteuid() system
call works as described in Posix 1003.1a Draft 5, because RCS can
switch back and forth easily between real and effective users, even if
the real user is root. If not, the second best is if the setuid()
system call supports saved setuid (the {_POSIX_SAVED_IDS} behavior of
Posix 1003.1-1990); this fails only if the real user is root. If RCS
detects any failure in setuid, it quits immediately.
· Choose a user A to serve as RCS administrator for the set of users.
Only A will be able to invoke the rcs command on the users' RCS files.
A should not be root or any other user with special powers. Mutually
suspicious sets of users should use different administrators.
· Choose a path name B that will be a directory of files to be executed
by the users.
· Have A set up B to contain copies of ci and co that are setuid to A by
copying the commands from their standard installation directory D as
follows:
mkdir B
cp D/c[io] B
chmod go-w,u+s B/c[io]
· Have each user prepend B to their path as follows:
PATH=B:$PATH; export PATH # ordinary shell
set path=(B $path) # C shell
· Have A create each RCS directory R with write access only to A as
follows:
mkdir R
chmod go-w R
· If you want to let only certain users read the RCS files, put the
users into a group G, and have A further protect the RCS directory as
follows:
chgrp G R
chmod g-w,o-rwx R
· Have A copy old RCS files (if any) into R, to ensure that A owns them.
· An RCS file's access list limits who can check in and lock revisions.
The default access list is empty, which grants checkin access to
anyone who can read the RCS file. If you want limit checkin access,
have A invoke rcs -a on the file; see rcs(1). In particular, rcs -e -a
A limits access to just A.
· Have A initialize any new RCS files with rcs -i before initial
checkin, adding the -a option if you want to limit checkin access.
· Give setuid privileges only to ci, co, and rcsclean; do not give them
to rcs or to any other command.
· Do not use other setuid commands to invoke RCS commands; setuid is
trickier than you think!
ENVIRONMENT
RCSINIT
options prepended to the argument list, separated by spaces. A
backslash escapes spaces within an option. The RCSINIT options are
prepended to the argument lists of most commands. Useful RCSINIT
options include -q, -V, and -x.
TMPDIR
Name of the temporary directory. If not set, the environment variables
TMP and TEMP are inspected instead and the first value found is taken;
if none of them are set, a host-dependent default is used, typically
/tmp.
DIAGNOSTICS
For each revision, ci prints the file, the working file, and the number of
both the deposited and the preceding revision. The exit status is zero if
and only if all operations were successful.
IDENTIFICATION
Author: Walter F. Tichy.
Revision Number: 1.1.6.2; Release Date:1993/10/07.
Copyright (C) 1982, 1988, 1989 by Walter F. Tichy.
Copyright (C) 1990, 1991 by Paul Eggert.
SEE ALSO
co(1), ident(1), make(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsintro(1),
rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), rcsfile(5)
Walter F. Tichy, RCS--A System for Version Control, Software--Practice &
Experience 15, 7 (July 1985), 637-654.
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