TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) NAME twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System SYNTAX twm [-display _d_p_y] [-s] [-f _i_n_i_t_f_i_l_e] [-v] DESCRIPTION _T_w_m is a window manager for the X Window System. It pro- vides titlebars, shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings. This program is usually started by the user's session manager or startup script. When used from _x_d_m(_1) or _x_i_n_i_t(_1) without a session manager, _t_w_m is frequently exe- cuted in the foreground as the last client. When run this way, exiting _t_w_m causes the session to be terminated (i.e. logged out). By default, application windows are surrounded by a ``frame'' with a titlebar at the top and a special border around the window. The titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving key- board input, and function boxes known as ``titlebuttons'' at the left and right edges of the titlebar. Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has been changed with _x_m_o_d_m_a_p) on a titlebutton will invoke the function associated with the button. In the default interface, windows are iconified by clicking (press- ing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton (which looks like a small X). Conversely, windows are deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon manager (see description of the variable ShowIcon- Manager and of the function f.showiconmgr). Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the desired size. Simi- larly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new loca- tion, and then releasing when the outline is in the desired position. Just clicking in the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it. When new windows are created, _t_w_m will honor any size and location information requested by the user (usually through -_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y command line argument or resources for the indivi- dual applications). Otherwise, an outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 1 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed. Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the current position and give it the default size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and dragging the outline will give the window its current posi- tion but allow the sides to be resized as described above. Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the right pointer button) will give the window its current position but attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen. OPTIONS _T_w_m accepts the following command line options: -display _d_p_y This option specifies the X server to use. -s This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by -display or by the DISPLAY environ- ment variable) should be managed. By default, _t_w_m will attempt to manage all screens on the display. -f _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e This option specifies the name of the startup file to use. By default, _t_w_m will look in the user's home directory for files named -v This option indicates that _t_w_m should print error messages whenever an unexpected X Error event is received. This can be useful when debugging appli- cations but can be distracting in regular use. CUSTOMIZATION Much of _t_w_m's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for each screen being managed when _t_w_m begins): $HOME/.twmrc._s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m_b_e_r The _s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m_b_e_r is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.) representing the screen number (e.g. the last number in the DISPLAY environment variable _h_o_s_t:_d_i_s_p_l_a_y_n_u_m._s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m) that would be used to contact that screen of the display. This is intended for displays with multiple screens of differing visual types. $HOME/.twmrc This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file. /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc If neither of the preceding files are found, _t_w_m X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 2 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) will look in this file for a default configuration. This is often tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or familiar bindings for novice users. If no startup files are found, _t_w_m will use the built-in defaults described above. The only resource used by _t_w_m is _b_i_t_m_a_p_F_i_l_e_P_a_t_h for a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for bitmap files (for more information, see the _A_t_h_e_n_a _W_i_d_g_e_t_s manual and _x_r_d_b(_1)). _T_w_m startup files are logically broken up into three types of specifications: _V_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s, _B_i_n_d_i_n_g_s, _M_e_n_u_s. The _V_a_r_i_- _a_b_l_e_s section must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager. The _B_i_n_d_i_n_g_s section usu- ally comes second and is used to specify the functions that should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames. The _M_e_n_u_s section gives any user-defined menus (containing func- tions to be invoked or commands to be executed). Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings must be surrounded by double quote characters (e.g. "blue") and are case-sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder of the line in which the charac- ter appears to be treated as a comment. VARIABLES Many of the aspects of _t_w_m's user interface are controlled by variables that may be set in the user's startup file. Some of the options are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword. Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these. Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace or a newline. For example: AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" } or AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" } When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 3 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) enable autoraise as shown above), a string is considered to match a window if it is a case-sensitive prefix for the window's name name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class name (both given by the WM_CLASS win- dow property). The preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as well as any _x_t_e_r_m (since they are of class ``XTerm'') or xmh windows (which are of class ``Xmh''). String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps, Cursors, and IconDirectory below) will prepend the user's directory (specified by the HOME environment vari- able) if the first character is a tilde (~). If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to create the default titlebars symbols: :xlogo or :iconify (both refer to the X used for the iconify button), :resize (the nested squares used by the resize button), and :question (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files). The following variables may be specified at the top of a _t_w_m startup file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are indi- cated by _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. Optional arguments are shown in square brackets: AutoRaise { _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of windows that should automatically be raised whenever the pointer enters the window. This action can be interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function f.autoraise. AutoRelativeResize This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the window edges. Instead, moving the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the same amount. This allows allows the resizing windows that extend off the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the center of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, _t_w_m will still wait for the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent accidents). This option is particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method of sweeping out window sizes. BorderColor _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the default color of the border to be placed around all non-iconified win- dows, and may only be given within a Color or X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 4 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t speci- fies a list of window and color name pairs for specifying particular border colors for different types of windows. For example: BorderColor "gray50" { "XTerm" "red" "xmh" "green" } The default is "black". BorderTileBackground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the default background color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is "black". BorderTileForeground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the default foreground color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is "white". BorderWidth _p_i_x_e_l_s This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding all client window frames if ClientBorderWidth has not been specified. This value is also used to set the border size of windows created by _t_w_m (such as the icon manager). The default is 2. ButtonIndent _p_i_x_e_l_s This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should be indented on all sides. Posi- tive values cause the buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area so that they stand out. Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as tall and wide as possible. The default is 1. ClientBorderWidth This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame should be set to the initial border width of the window, rather than to the value of BorderWidth. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 5 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) Color { _c_o_l_o_r_s-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if the default display is capable of displaying more than simple black and white. The _c_o_l_o_r_s-_l_i_s_t is made up of the following color vari- ables and their values: DefaultBackground, Default- Foreground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground, Menu- TitleBackground, MenuTitleForeground, and MenuSha- dowColor. The following color variables may also be given a list of window and color name pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified (see BorderColor for details): BorderColor, IconManagerHighlight, BorderTitleBackground, BorderTitleForeground, TitleBackground, TitleForeground, IconBackground, IconForeground, IconBorderColor, IconManagerBack- ground, and IconManagerForeground. For example: Color { MenuBackground "gray50" MenuForeground "blue" BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" } TitleForeground "yellow" TitleBackground "blue" } All of these color variables may also be specified for the Monochrome variable, allowing the same ini- tialization file to be used on both color and mono- chrome displays. ConstrainedMoveTime _m_i_l_l_i_s_e_c_o_n_d_s This variable specifies the length of time between button clicks needed to begin a constrained move operation. Double clicking within this amount of time when invoking f.move will cause the window only be moved in a horizontal or vertical direction. Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained moves. The default is 400 milliseconds. Cursors { _c_u_r_s_o_r-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies the glyphs that _t_w_m should use for various pointer cursors. Each cursor may be defined either from the cursor font or from two bit- map files. Shapes from the cursor font may be specified directly as: _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e "_s_t_r_i_n_g" where _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e is one of the cursor names listed below, and _s_t_r_i_n_g is the name of a glyph as found in the file /usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 6 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) ``XC_'' prefix). If the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is used instead: _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e "_i_m_a_g_e" "_m_a_s_k" The _i_m_a_g_e and _m_a_s_k strings specify the names of files containing the glyph image and mask in _b_i_t_- _m_a_p(_1) form. The bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap files. The following example shows the default cursor definitions: Cursors { Frame "top_left_arrow" Title "top_left_arrow" Icon "top_left_arrow" IconMgr "top_left_arrow" Move "fleur" Resize "fleur" Menu "sb_left_arrow" Button "hand2" Wait "watch" Select "dot" Destroy "pirate" } DecorateTransients This variable indicates that transient windows (those containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars. By default, transients are not reparented. DefaultBackground _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default is "white". DefaultForeground _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default is "black". DontIconifyByUnmapping { _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be iconified by simply unmapping the win- dow (as would be the case if IconifyByUnmapping had been set). This is frequently used to force some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are handled by the icon manager. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 7 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) DontMoveOff This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be moved off the screen. It can be over- ridden by the f.forcemove function. DontSqueezeTitle [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their minimum size as described under SqueezeTitle below. If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows will be prevented from being squeezed. ForceIcons This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the Icons variable should override any client- supplied pixmaps. FramePadding _p_i_x_e_l_s This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar decorations (the button and text) and the window frame. The default is 2 pixels. IconBackground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. The default is "white". IconBorderColor _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n- _l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the Border- Color variable for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. The default is "black". IconBorderWidth _p_i_x_e_l_s This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding icon windows. The default is 2. IconDirectory _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the directory that should be searched if if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in the bitmapFilePath resource. IconFont _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names within icons. The default is X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 8 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) "8x13". IconForeground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icons, and may only be speci- fied inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete descrip- tion of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. The default is "black". IconifyByUnmapping [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that windows should be icon- ified by being unmapped without trying to map any icons. This assumes that the user is will remap the window through the icon manager, the f.warpto func- tion, or the _T_w_m_W_i_n_d_o_w_s menu. If the optional _w_i_n- _l_i_s_t is provided, only those windows will be iconi- fied by simply unmapping. Windows that have both this and the IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible if no binding to the _T_w_m_W_i_n_d_o_w_s menu is set in the user's startup file. IconManagerBackground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the background color to use for icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. The default is "white". IconManagerDontShow [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display any windows. If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows will not be displayed. This variable is used to prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such as _x_c_l_o_c_k or _x_l_o_a_d) from tak- ing up space in the icon manager. IconManagerFont _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon manager entries. The default is "8x13". IconManagerForeground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 9 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. The default is "black". IconManagerGeometry _s_t_r_i_n_g [ _c_o_l_u_m_n_s ] This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager window. The _s_t_r_i_n_g argument is standard geometry specification that indicates the initial full size of the icon manager. The icon manager window is then broken into _c_o_l_u_m_n_s pieces and scaled according to the number of entries in the icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form addi- tional rows. The default number of columns is 1. IconManagerHighlight _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlighting the icon manager entry that currently has the focus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. The default is "black". IconManagers { _i_c_o_n_m_g_r-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create. Each item in the _i_c_o_n_m_g_r-_l_i_s_t has the fol- lowing format: "_w_i_n_n_a_m_e" ["_i_c_o_n_n_a_m_e"] "_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y" _c_o_l_u_m_n_s where _w_i_n_n_a_m_e is the name of the windows that should be put into this icon manager, _i_c_o_n_n_a_m_e is the name of that icon manager window's icon, _g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y is a standard geometry specification, and _c_o_l_u_m_n_s is the number of columns in this icon manager as described in IconManagerGeometry. For example: IconManagers { "XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5 "myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2 } Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have an entry created in the ``XTerm'' icon manager. Clients whose name was ``myhost'' would be put into the ``myhost'' icon manager. IconManagerShow { _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear in the icon manager. When used in conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow variable, X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 10 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) only the windows in this list will be shown in the icon manager. IconRegion _g_e_o_m_s_t_r_i_n_g _v_g_r_a_v _h_g_r_a_v _g_r_i_d_w_i_d_t_h _g_r_i_d_h_e_i_g_h_t This variable specifies an area on the root window in which icons are placed if no specific icon loca- tion is provided by the client. The _g_e_o_m_s_t_r_i_n_g is a quoted string containing a standard geometry specif- ication. If more than one IconRegion lines are given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon regions when the first is full. The _v_g_r_a_v argument should be either North or South and control and is used to control whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of the icon region. Simi- larly, the _h_g_r_a_v argument should be either East or West and is used to control whether icons should be filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid out within the region in a grid with cells _g_r_i_d_w_i_d_t_h pixels wide and _g_r_i_d_h_e_i_g_h_t pixels high. Icons { _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap filenames that should be used as their icons. For example: Icons { "XTerm" "xterm.icon" "xfd" "xfd_icon" } Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconi- fied by unmapping, and would try to use the icon bitmap in the file ``xterm.icon''. If ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will be used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap. InterpolateMenuColors This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be interpolated between entry specified colors. In the example below: Menu "mymenu" { "Title" ("black":"red") f.title "entry1" f.nop "entry2" f.nop "entry3" ("white":"green") f.nop "entry4" f.nop "entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop } X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 11 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2'' will be interpolated between black and white, and the background colors between red and green. Simi- larly, the foreground for ``entry4'' will be half- way between white and red, and the background will be half-way between green and white. MakeTitle { _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be placed and is used to request titles on specific windows when NoTitle has been set. MaxWindowSize _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height give the maximum size for a given window. This is typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen. The default is "30000x30000". MenuBackground _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the background color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "white". MenuFont _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus. The default is "8x13". MenuForeground _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black". MenuShadowColor _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black". MenuTitleBackground _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the background color for f.title entries in menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "white". MenuTitleForeground _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the foreground color for f.title entries in menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black". X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 12 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) Monochrome { _c_o_l_o_r_s } This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if the screen has a depth of 1. See the description of Colors. MoveDelta _p_i_x_e_l_s This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must move before the f.move function starts working. Also see the f.deltastop function. The default is zero pixels. NoBackingStore This variable indicates that _t_w_m's menus should not request backing store to minimize repainting of menus. This is typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they can handle backing store. NoCaseSensitive This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting icon names in an icon manager. This option is typically used with applications that cap- italize the first letter of their icon name. NoDefaults This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not supply the default titlebuttons and bindings. This option should only be used if the startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and definitions. NoGrabServer This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not grab the server when popping up menus and moving opaque win- dows. NoHighlight [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted to track the location of the pointer. If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, highlighting will only be disabled for those windows. When the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current Bor- derColor. When the border is not highlighted, it will be stippled with an gray pattern using the current BorderTileForeground and BorderTileBack- ground colors. NoIconManagers This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created. NoMenuShadows This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows drawn behind them. This is typically X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 13 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) used with slower servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly harder to read. NoRaiseOnDeiconify This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be raised. NoRaiseOnMove This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved. This is typically used to allow windows to slide underneath each other. NoRaiseOnResize This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when resized. This is typically used to allow windows to be resized underneath each other. NoRaiseOnWarp This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function. If this option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in the pointer end- ing up in the occluding window instead the desired window (which causes unexpected behavior with f.warpring). NoSaveUnders This variable indicates that menus should not request save-unders to minimize window repainting following menu selection. It is typically used with displays that can repaint faster than they can han- dle save-unders. NoTitle [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars. If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows will not have titlebars. MakeTitle may be used with this option to force titlebars to be put on specific windows. NoTitleFocus This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not set key- board input focus to each window as it is entered. Normally, _t_w_m sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon managers are delivered to the application. If the pointer is moved quickly and _t_w_m is slow to respond, input can be directed to the old window instead of the new. This option is typically used to prevent this ``input lag'' and to work around bugs in older applications that have problems with focus events. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 14 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) NoTitleHighlight [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that the highlight area of the titlebar, which is used to indicate the window that currently has the input focus, should not be displayed. If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows will not have highlight areas. This and the SqueezeTitle options can be set to substan- tially reduce the amount of screen space required by titlebars. OpaqueMove This variable indicates that the f.move function should actually move the window instead of just an outline so that the user can immediately see what the window will look like in the new position. This option is typically used on fast displays (particu- larly if NoGrabServer is set). Pixmaps { _p_i_x_m_a_p_s } This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the appearance of various images. Each entry is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap file. The following pixmaps may be specified: Pixmaps { TitleHighlight "gray1" } The default for _T_i_t_l_e_H_i_g_h_l_i_g_h_t is to use an even stipple pattern. RandomPlacement This variable indicates that windows with no speci- fied geometry should should be placed in a pseudo- random location instead of having the user drag out an outline. ResizeFont _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions window when resizing windows. The default is "fixed". RestartPreviousState This variable indicates that _t_w_m should attempt to use the WM_STATE property on client windows to tell which windows should be iconified and which should be left visible. This is typically used to make try to regenerate the state that the screen was in before the previous window manager was shutdown. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 15 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) ShowIconManager This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be displayed when _t_w_m is started. It can always be brought up using the f.showiconmgr func- tion. SortIconManager This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply appending new windows to the end. SqueezeTitle [{ _s_q_u_e_e_z_e-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that _t_w_m should attempt to use the SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen space as they need, rather than extending all the way across the top of the window. The optional _s_q_u_e_e_z_e-_l_i_s_t may be used to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the top of the window. It contains entries of the form: "_n_a_m_e" _j_u_s_t_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_u_m _d_e_n_o_m where _n_a_m_e is a window name, _j_u_s_t_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n is either left, center, or right, and _n_u_m and _d_e_n_o_m are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative posi- tion about which the titlebar is justified. The ratio is measured from left to right if the numera- tor is positive, and right to left if negative. A denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be measured in pixels. For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for right. For example: SqueezeTitle { "XTerm" left 0 0 "xterm1" left 1 3 "xterm2" left 2 3 "oclock" center 0 0 "emacs" right 0 0 } The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on certain titles. StartIconified [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable indicates that client windows should initially be left as icons until explicitly deiconi- fied by the user. If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows will be started iconic. This is useful for programs that do not support an -_i_c_o_n_i_c command line option or resource. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 16 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) TitleBackground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is "white". TitleButtonBorderWidth _p_i_x_e_l_s This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding titlebuttons. This is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not have a border. The default is 1. TitleFont _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the font to used for displaying window names in titlebars. The default is "8x13". TitleForeground _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is "black". TitlePadding _p_i_x_e_l_s This variable specifies the distance between the various buttons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar. The default is 8 pixels. UnknownIcon _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be used as the default icon. This bitmap will be used as the icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in the Icons list. UsePPosition _s_t_r_i_n_g This variable specifies whether or not _t_w_m should honor program-requested locations (given by the PPo- sition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-specified position. The argument _s_t_r_i_n_g may have one of three values: "off" (the default) indicating that _t_w_m should ignore the program-supplied position, "on" indicating that the position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating that the position should used if it is other than (0,0). The latter option is for working around a bug in older toolkits. WarpCursor [{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }] X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 17 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows when they are deiconified. If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, the pointer will only be warped when those windows are deiconified. WindowRing { _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t } This variable specifies a list of windows along which the f.warpring function cycles. WarpUnmapped This variable indicates that that the f.warpto func- tion should deiconify any iconified windows it encounters. This is typically used to make a key binding that will pop a particular window (such as _x_m_h), no matter where it is. The default is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows. XorValue _n_u_m_b_e_r This variable specifies the value to use when draw- ing window outlines for moving and resizing. This should be set to a value that will result in a variety of of distinguishable colors when exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typ- ical screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct. By default, _t_w_m will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics. Zoom [ _c_o_u_n_t ] This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window to and from its iconified state should be displayed whenever a window is iconified or deiconified. The optional _c_o_u_n_t argument speci- fies the number of outlines to be drawn. The default count is 8. The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables or beginning of the bindings sections: DefaultFunction _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or button event is received for which no binding is provided. This is typically bound to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing window opera- tions. WindowFunction _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n This variable specifies the function to execute when a window is selected from the TwmWindows menu. If this variable is not set, the window will be X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 18 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) deiconified and raised. BINDINGS After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons may be added from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-right according to the order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button bindings may be given in any order. Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them: LeftTitleButton "_b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e" = _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n or RightTitleButton "_b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e" = _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n The _b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps (which are scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appropri- ate colon-prefixed name described above. Key and pointer button specifications must give the modif- iers that must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and what function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings containing the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords Button1-Button5: "FP1" = _m_o_d_l_i_s_t : _c_o_n_t_e_x_t : _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n Button1 = _m_o_d_l_i_s_t : _c_o_n_t_e_x_t : _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n The _m_o_d_l_i_s_t is any combination of the modifier names shift, control, and meta (which may be abbreviated as s, c, and m respectively) separated by a vertical bar (|). Similarly, the _c_o_n_t_e_x_t is any combination of window, title, icon, root, frame, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbreviation is m), or all, separated by a vertical bar. The _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is any of the f. keywords described below. For example, the default startup file contains the following bindings: Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows" Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower" Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise" Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or-raise" Button2 = : title : f.raiselower Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify" Button2 = : icon : f.iconify Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 19 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could use the following bindings: "F1" = : all : f.iconify "F2" = : all : f.raiselower "F3" = : all : f.warpring "next" "F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh" "F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs" "F6" = : all : f.colormap "next" "F7" = : all : f.colormap "default" "F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next" "Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr "Right" = m | s : all : f.forwiconmgr "Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr "Down" = m | s : all : f.downiconmgr _T_w_m provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings. Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults is specified), most users will want to have their most common operations bound to key and button strokes. To do this, _t_w_m associates names with each of the primitives and provides _u_s_e_r-_d_e_f_i_n_e_d _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_s for building higher level primitives and _m_e_n_u_s for interactively select- ing among groups of functions. User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in calls to f.function and a list of other func- tions to execute. For example: Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower } Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise } Function "move-or-iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify } Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower } The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in the function specification. In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be changed to the Select cursor and the next window to receive a button press will be chosen: ! _s_t_r_i_n_g This is an abbreviation for f.exec _s_t_r_i_n_g. f.autoraise This function toggles whether or not the selected window is raised whenever entered by the pointer. See the description of the variable AutoRaise. f.backiconmgr X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 20 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if necessary. f.beep This function sounds the keyboard bell. f.bottomzoom This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, but resizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen. f.circledown This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another window. f.circleup This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another window. f.colormap _s_t_r_i_n_g This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that _t_w_m will display when the pointer is in this window. The argument _s_t_r_i_n_g may have one of the following values: "next", "prev", and "default". f.deiconify This function deiconifies the selected window. If the window is not an icon, this function does noth- ing. f.delete This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the selected window if the client application has requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window pro- perty. The application is supposed to respond to the message by removing the indicated window. If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW mes- sages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the user should choose an alternative method. f.deltastop This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the pointer has been moved more than _M_o_v_e_D_e_l_t_a pixels. See the example definition given for Function "move-or-raise" at the beginning of the section. f.destroy This function instructs the X server to close the display connection of the client that created the selected window. This should only be used as a last X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 21 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) resort for shutting down runaway clients. f.downiconmgr This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current icon manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if necessary. f.exec _s_t_r_i_n_g This function passes the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g to /bin/sh for execution. In multiscreen mode, if _s_t_r_i_n_g starts a new X client without giving a display argu- ment, the client will appear on the screen from which this function was invoked. f.focus This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If the selected window already was focused, this function executes an f.unfocus. f.forcemove This function is like f.move except that it ignores the DontMoveOff variable. f.forwiconmgr This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current icon manager, wrapping to the begin- ning of the next row if necessary. f.fullzoom This function resizes the selected window to the full size of the display or else restores the origi- nal size if the window was already zoomed. f.function _s_t_r_i_n_g This function executes the user-defined function whose name is specified by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g. f.hbzoom This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom. f.hideiconmgr This function unmaps the current icon manager. f.horizoom This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that the selected window is resized to the full width of the display. f.htzoom This function is a synonym for f.topzoom. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 22 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) f.hzoom This function is a synonym for f.horizoom. f.iconify This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon, respectively. f.identify This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the selected window. Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the window will dismiss it. f.lefticonmgr This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that wrapping does not change rows. f.leftzoom This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func- tion but causes the selected window is only resized to the left half of the display. f.lower This function lowers the selected window. f.menu _s_t_r_i_n_g This function invokes the menu specified by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g. Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to f.menu. f.move This function drags an outline of the selected win- dow (or the window itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the invoking pointer button is released. Double clicking within the number of mil- liseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps the pointer to the center of the window and constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical depend- ing on which grid line is crossed. To abort a move, press another button before releasing the first but- ton. f.nexticonmgr This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing any windows on the current or any succeeding screen. f.nop This function does nothing and is typically used with the DefaultFunction or WindowFunction variables or to introduce blank lines in menus. f.previconmgr This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager containing any windows on the current or preceding screens. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 23 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) f.quit This function causes _t_w_m to restore the window's borders and exit. If _t_w_m is the first client invoked from _x_d_m, this will result in a server reset. f.raise This function raises the selected window. f.raiselower This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking order if it is occluded by any win- dows, otherwise the window will be lowered. f.refresh This function causes all windows to be refreshed. f.resize This function displays an outline of the selected window. Crossing a border (or setting AutoRela- tiveResize) will cause the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking button is released. To abort a resize, press another button before releasing the first button. f.restart This function kills and restarts _t_w_m. f.righticonmgr This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping does not change rows. f.rightzoom This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func- tion except that the selected window is only resized to the right half of the display. f.saveyourself This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS window property. Clients that accept this message are supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the window and update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM. If the selected window has not selected for this mes- sage, the keyboard bell will be rung. f.showiconmgr This function maps the current icon manager. f.sorticonmgr This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager alphabetically. See the variable SortIcon- Manager. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 24 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) f.title This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu definition. It should not be used in any other context. f.topzoom This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func- tion except that the selected window is only resized to the top half of the display. f.unfocus This function resets the focus back to pointer- driven. This should be used when a focused window is no longer desired. f.upiconmgr This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same column if necessary. f.vlzoom This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom. f.vrzoom This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom. f.warpring _s_t_r_i_n_g This function warps the pointer to the next or pre- vious window (as indicated by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g, which may be "next" or "prev") specified in the Win- dowRing variable. f.warpto _s_t_r_i_n_g This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or class that matches _s_t_r_i_n_g. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored. f.warptoiconmgr _s_t_r_i_n_g This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon manager specified by the argu- ment _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is empty (i.e. ""), the current icon manager is chosen. f.warptoscreen _s_t_r_i_n_g This function warps the pointer to the screen speci- fied by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g. _S_t_r_i_n_g may be a number (e.g. "0" or "1"), the word "next" (indicating the current screen plus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), the word "back" (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), or the word "prev" (indicating the last X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 25 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) screen visited. f.winrefresh This function is similar to the f.refresh function except that only the selected window is refreshed. f.zoom This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except that the only the height of the selected win- dow is changed. MENUS Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a titlebutton) menus. Each menu specifica- tion contains the name of the menu as it will be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground and background colors, the list of item names and the functions they should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for individual items: Menu "_m_e_n_u_n_a_m_e" [ ("_d_e_f_f_o_r_e":"_d_e_f_b_a_c_k") ] { _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 [ ("_f_o_r_e_1":"_b_a_c_k_n")] _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_1 _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 [ ("_f_o_r_e_2":"_b_a_c_k_n")] _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_2 . . . _s_t_r_i_n_g_N [ ("_f_o_r_e_N":"_b_a_c_k_N")] _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_N } The _m_e_n_u_n_a_m_e is case-sensitive. The optional _d_e_f_f_o_r_e and _d_e_f_b_a_c_k arguments specify the foreground and background colors used on a color display to highlight menu entries. The _s_t_r_i_n_g portion of each menu entry will be the text which will appear in the menu. The optional _f_o_r_e and _b_a_c_k argu- ments specify the foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry. These colors will only be used on a color display. The default is to use the colors specified by the MenuForeground and Menu- Background variables. The _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n portion of the menu entry is one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or additional menus. There is a special menu named TwmWindows which contains the names of all of the client and _t_w_m-supplied windows. Selecting an entry will cause the WindowFunction to be exe- cuted on that window. If WindowFunction hasn't been set, the window will be deiconified and raised. ICONS _T_w_m supports several different ways of manipulating X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 26 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) iconified windows. The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automatically arranged as described by the IconRegion variable. In addition, a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient use of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among windows from the keyboard. Neither client-supplied icon windows nor dynamic setting of the icon pixmap are supported (icon name changes will be updated automatically). An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all windows currently on the display. In addition to the window name, a small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of the name when the window is iconified. By default, clicking on an entry in the icon manager performs f.iconify. To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the the iconmgr context when specify- ing button and keyboard bindings. Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs key- board focus to the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending synthetic events NoTitleFocus is set). Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard. BUGS Lock and Mod2-5 cannot be specified as modifier contexts. The right fix is to add lock, l, mod1 (for completeness), mod2, mod3, mod4, mod5 to the parse and grammar tables, and add a number as a valid key type (so long as it is 1-5). The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window lists. The IconRegion variable should take a list. Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move func- tion will sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved. If IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in Icon- ManagerDontShow but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows" or f.warpto are setup. FILES $HOME/.twmrc. $HOME/.twmrc /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 27 TWM(1) USER COMMANDS TWM(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server to use. It is also set during f.exec so that programs come up on the proper screen. HOME This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a tilde and for locating the _t_w_m startup file. SEE ALSO X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1) COPYRIGHT Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corpora- tion; portions copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, See _X(_1) for a full statement of rights and permissions. AUTHORS Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consor- tium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer. X Version 11 Last change: Release 4 28